月球，地球永久忠实的伴侣 The moon, Earth's constant companion.
直到现在，依然神秘莫测 Yet still full of mystery, until now.
这是我们在月球上的新视野，而且 This is our new window on the moon, and this is
是不可思议的高清视野 the incredible new view, in high definition.
Kaguya，日籍革命性的月球探险家 Kaguya, Japan's revolutionary lunar
将前所未有的带我们近距离接触 explorer is bringing us closer to our Lonely
我们这位孤独、灰色的邻居 grey neighbour than ever before.
通过高科技工具辅助 Armed with an array of high-tech tools,
Kaguya 将展示惊人的证据，揭示古老的秘密 Kaguya is uncovering startling new evidence and unlocking age-old secrets.
卫星帮助我们增进了解 That satellite has improved our understanding,
月球表面看起来像什么 our definition, just what the surface of the moon
这激发了 really looks like, and, it ought to stir
所有人类的想像 the imagination in any human being.
我们将看到过去的探索 We'll look at how past explorations
如何第一次向我们展现这个外星国度 first introduced us to this alien realm and
并且了解Kaguya和其他科技 discover how Kaguya and other technologies will
如何在这一刻带我们重游故里 bring us back, this time to stay.
前所未见的图景，来自月球的视野 Images like we've never seen them, direct from the Moon.
月球的表面，一个令人过目难忘的地方 The surface of the moon, a place of haunting beauty.
现在，逼真的高清图像 Today, vivid high-definition images
从一艘名叫Kaguya的尖端太空船 like these are being transmitted back to Earth
传回地球 from a sophisticated spacecraft called Kaguya.
与他们一起，欣赏月球的全新景观 And with them, a whole new perspective on the moon.
日本航天探索局 The Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency blasted
于2007年9月发射了Kaguya号卫星 the Kaguya satellite into space in September 2007.
从那时到现在，它以60英里的速度环绕月表 It's been orbiting 60 miles above the moon's surface, ever since.
3吨重，16英尺长，Kaguya大致上 At 3 tons and 16 feet long, Kaguya is roughly
像一辆大型起重机 the size of a large pickup truck, and boasts
拥有包括专门摄像机，分光计，等离子成像仪 14 sophisticated tools including special cameras,
在内的14种高端工具 spectrometers, a magnetometer, and a plasma imager.
日本的Kaguya号太空船 The Japanese Kaguya spacecraft
提供了前所未有的 is really providing spectacular data unlike
壮丽图景 anything we've seen before,
和深度测量 making measurements of depth that we have never had before.
像这样不可思议的图像 Incredible images like these may
将帮助我们解开月球古老的迷题 finally help us solve the mysteries of the moon
同时给我们关于 and give us new insight into the origins and evolution
地球生命起源和演化的许多启示 of planet Earth.
地球和月球曾有过一段戏剧性的过往 The Earth and moon share a dramatic past.
科学家相信45亿年前 Scientists believe that 4.5 billion years ago,
一颗跟火星差不多大的小行星 a rogue body as big as Mars, smashed into our young planet,
与年轻的地球相撞，从此改变了它的命运 forever changing its destiny.
此事件被称为“大撞击” They call this event the Giant impact.
剧烈的撞击使地球变成了 The spectacular collision turns Earth into a blazing
一颗岩浆翻滚的火球 ball of molten rock, firing up our atmosphere
也使大气层猛增温到了华氏几千度 to several thousand degrees Fahrenheit,
亿万吨的岩石残骸被抛入环绕轨道 and flings many trillions of tons of rocky debris into our orbit.
这些残骸互相碰撞、融合 This debris begins to collide and merge,
终于，月球诞生 and eventually, the moon is born.
万有引力使月球从此被束缚在 The power of gravity has tethered it to Earth ever since,
在离地球236，000英里的轨道上 orbiting around 236,000 miles away.
月亮每晚与大家见面 The moon shines back at us each night with
是大家非常熟悉的面孔 the same familiar face.
在它的光辉中，我们可能会看到一个男人 In its glow, we may see a man in the moon,
或者一只兔子 or a rabbit...
那么Kaguya号卫星 but what the Kaguya satellite
看到的是一套新的独一无二的结构 sees is a new set of clues about the moon's unique composition.
这个光滑、黑暗的平原叫做“雨海” This smooth, dark plain is called the sea of Rains.
黑色区域是填满古老熔岩的火山口 The dark areas are craters filled with ancient lava flows,
是面向地球这一面的典型地形 and is typical of the terrain facing the Earth.
就我们所知的月表地形 The patterns we know as the face of the moon are
实际上就是大量 actually a combination of numerous craters that were
黑色熔岩的火山口所构成 long ago filled with dark lava.
这也是我们能从地球上看到的唯一一面 This is the only side of the moon we can see from Earth.
月球的另一面 The far side of the moon, mistakenly referred to
则是另外一幅景象 as the dark side, has a vastly different terrain.
它吸收了等量的阳光 It gets the same amount of sunlight, but has more giant
却拥有大量的火山口和极少量的黑色熔岩 craters and hardly any trace of dark lava.
那么问题就是，为什么月球的两面如此不同 The question is, why are the two sides so different?
Noriyuki Namiki博士正通过 Dr. Noriyuki Namiki is studying this phenomenon
Kaguya号研究此现象 by using Kaguya unique scientific instruments.
许多月球探测器 Numerous lunar probes have
被发射到月表 been launched to study the moon's surface,
所以我们了解了许多 so we know a lot about that.
但是为了找出月球的历史 But in order to find out about the moon's history,
我们必须到月表以下，一窥其内部的情况 we need to go below the surface and look inside.
他相信卫星轨道路径 He believes that the satellite's orbital path
是了解月球内部构造的关键 holds the key to understanding the moon's internal structure.
这是因为月球的引力 This is because the moon's gravitational pull varies
对卫星轨道有拉扯 along the satellite's trajectory.
通过精确测量卫星轨道的变化 By precisely measuring changes in the satellite's orbit
就可以得到月球的引力场地图 it's possible to map the gravitational fields.
Kaguya运用先进的“卫星对卫星”系统 Kaguya uses an innovative satellite-to-sub-satellite
传送月球另一面的数据 system to relay data when it's on the far side of the moon.
在近地面的红色标识区域 These red spots highlight areas on the near side of
引力超出正常范围 the moon with a stronger than usual gravitational pull,
说明这一区域下有大量高密度物质 indicating high density mass under the surface.
而月球另一面则完全没有这样的区域 There is no such area on the far side of the moon.
相反的，这些蓝色区域 Instead, these blue spots reveal areas where the
的引力值却非常之低 gravitational force is weaker than usual,
表明该区域以下是低密度物质 indicating low-density mass underneath.
当观察数据第一次出来的时候 When the results of the first
我们真呀真高兴 observation came out, we were elated.
那感觉就像是，没错，我们是对的 It was this feeling of Yes, we were right:
我们就知道近地月表与远地月表 We knew there was a difference in the surface
就是不一样的 of the far side and that of the near side.
但是仅仅通过引力场的不同 But the different patterns in the gravitational field
来说明月表的不同还太肤浅 indicate that the differences are not
必须再深入一些 just superficial, they go deep.
那么，到底是什么导致了 So, what caused these big structural
月球内部结构的巨大差异呢？ differences in the moon's inner core?
Kiyoslhi Kuramoto博士相信答案就在地球上 Dr. Kiyoslhi Kuramoto believes the Earth holds the key.
月球的轨道路径曾一度与地球 The moon's orbital path was once much closer
非常接近，以至于 to the Earth than it is today, so much so that
引力把月球拉伸成了蛋形 gravity pulled it into an egg shape.
当月球的轨道越来越远 As the moon's orbit moved farther away from the Earth,
才渐渐显露出球形 it assumed its spherical shape.
但是影响远不止于此 But there were lasting effects.
地球引力被认为 Earth gravitational force is believed to have
是把月球一面的岩石柔化了 dragged softened rock to one side.
结果，诸如铀这样的放射性物质 And as a result, uranium and other radioactive
全部被集中到 substances became concentrated on the
月球的近地面 near side of the moon.
这些超热物质使深层岩石升温熔化 These superheated materials melted deeper rock,
从而爆发出大密度火山岩 which erupted as heavy lava.
月球的近地面也由此产生了自己的特征 And the Moon's near side gained its signature
明暗相间 pattern of dark and light.
地球吸引力导致近地面的重火山岩 Earth attraction to the heavy lava keeps the near
总是面向地球一边 side of the moon forever facing inward.
当一颗大型卫星 When a large satellite
发射到地球或者月球的轨道上 is orbiting a planet, as with the moon and Earth,
会有一个很强的引力间的相互作用 there is a strong gravitational interaction.
月球的万有引力拉伸地球 The moon's gravitational pull affects the Earth
反之亦然 and vice versa.
从这个角度来说，二者相互依存 In that sense, they have been inseparable.
失去任何一方 They wouldn't exist as they do today
今日的情况都会大不相同 without having each other.
当地球引力把月球固定在轨道上 While Earth gravity keeps the moon in orbit,
月球引力引起潮汐 the moon's gravity drives our oceans' tides
且使地球气候相对稳定而温和 and helps keep our climate stable and relatively mild.
但是我们最近的邻居也同样是一个神秘国度 But our nearest neighbour is also a realm of secrets.
阿波罗号是首个探索这个外星世界的飞船 Apollo astronauts were the first to probe this alien world.
今天的科技水平挑战着更远的距离 Today's technology will dare to go even further.
日本的Kaguya号卫星的使命是 Japan's Kaguya satellite's mission is
为科学家提供月球内部构造的新视野 giving scientists new insights into the moon.
它同样带领我们回到 It also brings us back to places we haven seen
40年前神圣的领域—— in nearly 40 years, like this hallowed ground,
宁静海，人类在1969年第一次 The sea of Tranquillity, where man took his first steps
留下足迹的地方 on the moon in July 1969.
阿波罗11号的使命： Apollo 11's mission:
登陆月球，安全返航 To perform a manned lunar landing and return safely to Earth.
控制台：阿波罗11号发射升空 Mission control: We have lift-off of Apollo 11.
我认为我们有60%的机会 I think that we stood a 60 percent chance
成功完成阿波罗11号任务 of successfully carrying out the Apollo 11 mission.
控制台：阿波罗11号，这里是休斯敦 Mission control: Apollo 11, this is Houston,
你们已进入轨道 you are confirmed go for orbit.
收到 Roger.
阿波罗11号登陆 Apollo 11 was a much more challenging landing
比任何后来的飞行任务都更富挑战性 than any of the later flights.
控制台：多岩石区域 Mission control: Pretty rocky area.
尼尔不喜欢计算机选定的区域 Neil did not like where the computer was taking us.
在接近月表越100英尺的上方 We heard the 60 seconds of fuel left
我们听到补充左舷燃料的60秒警报 at about 100 feet above the ground.
警报：60，60秒 Alarm: 60, 60 seconds.
我开始感到担忧 I was getting a little concerned,
但我不想因此影响到旁边这哥们儿 but I didn't want to disturb the guy next to me.
好了，引擎停止工作 Okay, engine stopped.
阿姆斯壮：休斯敦，这里是基地 Armstrong: Houston, Tranquillity Base here.
老鹰着陆了 The Eagle has landed.
尼尔说我们手握着手 Neil says we grabbed hands
我记得我们互相拍对方的肩膀 and I remember sort of patting him on the shoulder.
然后我们就准备好出舱了 Then we got into the preparations for going outside.
你们收到电视画面了吗，休斯敦？ Are you getting a TV picture now, Houston?
控制台：尼尔，是，我们收到电视画面了。 Mission control: Neil, yes, we are getting a TV picture.
好的，我可以出舱了吗？ Okay. Ready for me to come out?
可以 Mission control: All set.
好了，我要走出太空船了 Okay, I'm going to step off the LEM now.
哥一小步 That one small step for man,
哥们儿一大步 one giant leap for mankind.
当我们出舱的时候 When we got there, nothing could be
那真是言语无法形容的荒凉 more descriptive than the word desolation.
好美！ Beautiful view.
当我四处走动 When I was walking around on the surface and happened
四下张望 to gaze up, it caused me to realize that
这让我认识到这两个人离家乡是多么的遥远 two people are further away from home than
从来没有如此远离过 two people have ever been.
宇航员只有两个半小时的时间 The astronauts have only two-and-a-half lours
来探索这个陌生而让人畏惧的新世界 to explore this strange and daunting new world.
毫无色彩，无论什么都毫无颜色 There no colour, just no colour whatsoever.
全部是灰色，夜色的灰 It's all just grey, shades of grey.
土壤像滑石粉 The dust itself was just like talcum powder.
奇妙的是土壤的粘结性 What was amazing was the cohesiveness of the dust
一步一个脚印 as the boot prints made an imprint.
当你踩下去再提起脚 As you put your foot down and it all went out,
鞋上不会有灰尘，灰尘也不会扬起来 with no dust, no billowing.
不像在地球 It doesn't do that here on Earth.
他们厚重的宇航服保护他们 Their heavy spacesuits protect them
抵抗强烈的辐射和零下280度的低温 against intense radiation and minus 280 degree
但是宇航服也使得 Fahrenheit temperatures, But the spacesuits make
最简单、熟练的动作变得困难起来 some of the simplest manoeuvres difficult.
控制台“3，2，1” Mission control: 3, 2, 1.
照看好我们 Looking good to us.
阿波罗12号于1969年11月 The Apollo 12 mission lands in the ocean
在风暴海登陆 of storms region in November 1969.
此时，宇航员已经在月亮上呆了8小时 This time, astronauts spend nearly 8 hours on the moon,
探索环境，收集标本 exploring the landscape and collecting samples.
休斯敦，我们遇到了麻烦 Houston, we have a problem.
1970年4月，阿波罗13号 In April 1970, Apollo 13 sets out to
探索月球Fra Mauro区 explore the Fra Mauro region of the moon.
但是在着陆前 But an oxygen tank explosion cripples
氧气罐的爆炸损坏了飞船 the spacecraft before it can land.
全体船员刚刚返航 The crew barely makes it back to Earth, a grim
残酷的事实提醒人们探月飞行是多么危险 reminder of how dangerous lunar exploration can be.
美国人独自征服了月球 America alone seems to have conquered the moon.
但是几个月后，另一个世界大国打破了这一局面 But a few months later, another world power crashes the party.
苏联，美国的航天竞争对手 The soviet Union, America's space rival,
正设法秘密建造、测试、发射一个 manages to build, test, and launch a remote
可远程遥控的月球漫步者，叫做Lunoklhod controlled lunar rover called the Lunoklhod in total secrecy.
不知名飞船探索了月表的雨海 This unmanned craft explores the lunar surface
11个月 in the sea of Rains for 11 months.
它传回了几千张月表的照片 It transmits thousands of images of the moon's surface
并且在燃料耗尽前 and completes some 500 scientific tests
完成了500个科学测试 before dying a natural death.
它的继任者，Lunaklhod号，在宁静海登陆 Its successor, Lunaklhod 2, lands in the sea of serenity.
它用最新的激光反射器测量 It uses its new laser reflector to measure the
月球与地球之间最精准的距离 distance to Earth with incredible accuracy,
而且试图进行火山活动性 and tries to predict volcanic activity and continental
与大陆板块漂移的研究 drift back home.
Lunoklhod号是一个巨大的成功 The Lunoklhod rovers are a huge success, but nothing
但是在探索月球秘密方面 matches the manned Apollo missions when it comes to
阿波罗任务是没有对手的 exploring the moon's secrets.
1972年12月，阿波罗17号进入 In December 1972, Apollo 17 soars into the valley
金牛座大峡谷 of Taurus-Littrow.
这是今天同视角的Kaguya号卫星拍下的照片 Here is that same view today from the Kaguya satellite's terrain camera.
船员Harrison Jack Schmitt博士 Crew member Dr. Harrison Jack Schmitt, the only
探月者中唯一的地质学家接近登陆点 geologist to visit the moon, close the landing site.
好了，我们现在要做的是 Well, what we were trying
测定不同区域的样本 to do was to get as broad a spectrum of samples in
的年代范围 different ages as we possibly can from the different units.
并且金牛座峡谷 And that what the valley of Taurus-Littrow offered
正好给了我们这样的机会 us the opportunity to do.
电台：10英尺 Radio: 10 feet.
着陆 Contact.
停止，推进 Stop, push.
引擎关闭 Engine stop.
搞定，休斯敦 Okay, Houston.
挑战者们登陆了 The challenger has landed:
我抢先从舷梯 I grabbed the railings
滑了下来 of the ladder and slid down.
注意，我们在六分之一引力的月球上 Remember, we're in one-sixth gravity, so you don't weigh
所以你没那么重，但是质量没变 as much, your mass is the same, but you don't
但是你没那么重，所以事情变得简单 weigh as much, so things are a lot easier in that
尽管我们不得不穿着 respect, even when encumbered by that
笨重的压力服 pressure suit that we had to wear.
太空服是进行野外研究的 The spacesuit is the primary constraint on
首要束缚因素 efficiently conducting field science.
一个大问题是 A large problem is that the
尘埃覆盖了散热器 dust gets all over radiator surfaces,
太阳能电池等部位的表面 solar cells and things like that.
你得不断清理它们 You keep having to brush it off.
使我想起了镜头上的灰尘，是吧？ Remind me to dust my camera, too, will you?
控制台：别忘了擦拭相机镜头 Mission control: Don't forget to dust your camera.
我们在外面的时候偶尔试试 We did occasionally try
管式录像带 to use duct tape outside.
不可能用手指 It was impossible to keep dust off the tape with
去清理灰尘 your fingers and things like that.
电台：老款的美国灰色磁带 Radio: Good old fashioned American grey tape doesn't
不沾灰 stick to lunar dust-covered fenders.
Schmitt和Cernan出发到月球 Schmitt and cernan set out in the
去收集岩石样本和月球土壤 lunar rover to collect samples of rock and
Jack Schmitt则去火山口 eolith, or moon dust, And Jack Schmitt is
他在灰海看到了 approaching a crater when he sees a flash of colour
彩色的闪光 in the sea of grey.
我俯视整个月表 I was looking down at the surface,
发现有橙色残骸 and I detected an orange hue to the debris
覆盖在火山口 that was covering the rim of the crater.
我开始傻傻的觉得那是倒影 And I had been fooled once by reflection, an orange
太空船的橙色倒影 reflection off the lunar rover.
然后，我非常小心的求证 And, so, I was very cautious initially about
那可能是什么 what it might be.
然后我立即刺穿了 And as I , I immediately penetrated
那个亮橙色物质 into this bright orange material.
橙色的土壤 The orange soil,as it came to be known,
吸引了科学家的好奇心 had scientists intrigued, but its true significance would
这确实是几十年来最有意义的未解之迷 remain a secret for decades to come.
然后，就到了离开的时候 And, then, it was time to leave.
吉恩和我在月表 This is Gene and I'm on the surface and as
当我从这里留下人类最后的脚印后 I take man's last steps from the surface, as we
我们就要离开金牛座峡谷和月球了 leave the moon and Taurus-Littrow,
我们轻轻的走了，正如我们轻轻的来 we leave as we came,
上帝迟早会让我们再回来 and God willing as we shall return.
这段讲话发生在1972年12月14号 Those words were spoken on December 14, 1972.
从此再无人类踏足月球 No humans have set foot on the moon since.
1972年标志着探月任务的终结 1972 marks the end of manned moon exploration.
阿波罗对月表进行了最后的道别 The Apollo program says its last goodbye to the lunar surface.
焦点回到了宇航员 The focus turns to the geological samples
收集的地质样本上 the astronauts collected.
六次成功的阿波罗任务后， We brought back surprisingly nearly
我们带回了大约半顿重的月球岩石 half a ton of moon rocks over the six successful Apollo missions.
我们有分别来自月球六个小区域的 We have a lot of lunar rocks and soil from
不同岩石和土壤样本 six small areas on the moon.
一个最意外的发现是 One of the most unexpected finds is a
在灰色的月球上 pocket of orange soil amidst the moon's
发现有橙色土壤 otherwise grey landscape.
它包含了所有月球样本里的最好部分 It contains the finest particles of any moon sample.
近40年来 Almost forty years later, the significance of
橙色土壤依然是个迷 this orange soil remains a mystery.
太空船的强大相机扫描着整个 The spacecraft's powerful camera scans the entire
月球表面，最终发现了他们想要的 lunar surface and finally finds what they looking
40小袋的橙色土壤矿藏 for, 40 more pockets of orange soil deposits.
但这些罕见的物质到底是什么呢？ But what is this rare substance?
Alberto博士试图揭示问题的答案 Dr. Alberto saal is trying to answer that question.
他拿到了阿波罗17号带回来的橙色土壤 He obtains orange soil samples from the Apollo 17 mission,
然后用高科技分光计 then uses a state-of-the-art
分析其成分 mass spectrometer to analyze its composition
不可思议的新细节 in incredible new detail.
他测定出土壤有非常奇怪的 He determines that the soil has a strange
化学成分 chemical composition.
而且分光计竟然找到了水！ But the spectrometer also finds a surprise--water.
我们不希望看到 We didn't expect to see it,
人们进行四十年的测量 given that for forty years, people tried to
却没有发现水 measure them and they said there was no water.
大撞击后 That water was not completely lost on the
没有完全丢失水分的样本 material that will form the proto-lunar disk that
构成了月球 surrounded the earth after the impact that aggregated to form the moon.
科学家相信大撞击 Scientists believe that the Giant Impact
蒸发了地球的水分，使地球缠绕着一层温暖的雾气 vaporizes Earth water, wrapping it in a warm mist.
温度降低后 Temperatures cool.
地球上的雾气重新变成水 The vapour on Earth becomes water again.
因为月球的引力比地球小这么多 Because the moon's gravity is so much weaker than Earth,
大部分的水份都消散在了太空中 almost all of its water vapour vanishes into space.
但是有一部分保存了数十亿年之久 But some is preserved for billions of years, locked
被封锁在火山岩微小的碎片中 inside tiny fragments of volcanic rock.
神秘的橙色土壤问题最终被解决了 The mystery of the orange soil has finally been solved.
Kaguya号使探月活动提高到了新的层次 Japan's Kaguya is bringing moon exploration to a whole new
让科学家可以有机会 level, allowing scientists to study the moon's
研究月球的地形 terrain like never before.
来看看有什么不同 Take a look at the difference.
这里有一张美国月球探索者 This is a picture of the moon's surface taken by
在1994年拍的月表照片 an American lunar explorer in 1994.
这是Kaguya版的照片 This is Kaguya's version.
以前的照片只能看到直径为 The previous images could only reveal craters
1500英尺的火山口 around 1500 feet in diameter.
Kaguya可以识别出小于30英尺的凹点 Kaguya can identify pits as small as 30 feet,
而且转化为牛叉的3D图像 and render them in stunning 3-D.
地形相机有两层镜片 The orbiter's terrain camera has two lenses,
一个看前面，一个看后面 one looking forward, the other looking back.
然后在同样的地方以细微不同的角度进行拍摄 They film the same location from two slightly different angles.
再把两组图像叠加起来，这样月球就有了生命 Combined, they bring the moon to life.
Kaguya给了我们新的视野 Kaguya is giving us breathtaking new views of
来观察月球上未知的区域 an uncharted lunarscape, and allowing virtual
还可虚拟出月球未来的容貌 exploration into the moon's most dramatic features...
比如Tyclho火山口 like the crater Tyclho, whose signature
其明显特征就能从地球上观察到 streaks can be seen from Earth.
正如这个卫星图像所显示的 As this actual satellite imagery reveals,
这个火山口的直径是52英里 the crater is 52 miles in diameter, with cliff faces
拥有比格兰德峡谷还要高的悬崖 higher than those of the Grand canyon.
研究其独特的容貌给了我们新视角 Studying its unique features gives us new
来观察大撞击是如何 insight into how major impacts like this
在地球上发生的 one have shaped the Earth.
凸出的圆环形成了一系列台地 The prominent rim gives way to a series of terraces,
这是月球火山口的普遍面貌 a common feature of the moon's larger craters.
大量的岩石铺满了这些台地 Dozens of boulders pepper the terraces.
从整体上看 On this enormous scale, they may look like grains
它们像沙滩，但是有一些跟楼房一样大 of sand, but some of them are as large as buildings.
台面向火山口中间倾斜 The terraces slope to the floor of the crater,
大量的岩石和尘埃严重损坏着火山口 a vast plain of rock and dust scarred with deep cracks.
在火山口中央 In the centre of the crater a central peak
有一个山峰高达8，000英尺 soars to a height of 8,000 feet, more than six times
比帝国大厦还高6倍 higher than the Empire state Building.
Kaguya的牛叉相机捕获了 Kaguya's incredible cameras have captured
Telco火山的大部分细节照片 the most detailed terrain images of the Telco crater ever.
这些照片让科学家创建 These images allow scientists to create
了一套火山形成理论 a theory about the crater's formation.
数百万年以前，一个大型天体 One hundred million years ago, a large celestial body
撞击月球表面，等于引爆了 strikes the moon's surface, the equivalent of
数百万个原子弹 detonating millions of nuclear bombs.
剧烈的震荡波以及其迅猛的速度 A massive shock wave sweeps across the moon's
横扫月表 surface at blazing speed...
使20兆吨的碎石和尘埃被冲飞 and blasts away 20 trillion tons of pulverized rock and dust.
残骸飞落1，250英里远处 Debris soars as far as 1,250 miles away.
这使Telco火山形成了独一无二的星爆造型 This creates Telco unique starburst pattern.
流星冲击出了一个巨大的盆地 The meteor's initial impact creates a huge basin,
深度超过两英里半 over two and a half miles deep.
然后，月表开始在相互作用下 Then, the lunar surface begins to rebound from
渐渐恢复 the force of the collision.
陆地在圆环处大幅下降至台地 Land near the rim slumps into terraces.
火山口的平地继续扩张 The floor of the crater continues to rise until the
直到基岩冲破表面，创造出中心山峰 bedrock pierces the surface, creating the central peak.
月球火山分析给了科学家 Lunar crater analysis gives scientists
更好的方法研究地球上的隐形伤疤 a better perspective on one of Earth hidden battle scars.
藏在墨西哥Yucatan半岛下的 Hidden under Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula
是Chicxulub火山 is the Chicxulub crater.
直径112英里，是Telco火山的两倍 112 miles across, it's twice the size of the Telco crater,
但是外形却是一样的 but shares the same shape
也有着独特的中心山峰 and distinctive central peak.
科学家相信这正是大撞击的部位 Scientists believe it's the impact site of
一颗6英里长的小行星 a 6-mile-Iong asteroid that smashed into Earth
在六千五百万年前与地球相撞 65 million years ago.
研究者们估计这次巨大的撞击 Researchers estimate that this colossal impact
爆出了兆亿吨的岩石和尘埃 dislodges trillions of tons of rock and debris.
大量的尘埃云被扬起 Massive clouds of tiny dust particles billow up
进入大气层，遮天蔽日 into the atmosphere, where they block out the sunlight.
一次意义深远的降温来到了地球 A significant cooling of the Earth follows, and may
可能导致了物种的灭绝 have led to the dinosaurs' extinction.
Kaguya相机提供越多的线索 The more clues Kaguya's cameras uncover on the
我们对地球及其历史的了解 surface of the moon, the more we learn about our
就越透彻 own planet, and its dramatic past.
开创性的发现者甚至 Groundbreaking discoveries out here may even hold
从这里得到了生命的秘密 the secrets to life on Earth.
月表的山峰和痕迹 The face of the moon has long fascinated us
令我们持久着迷 with its alien pits and pockmarks.
由于几乎没有大气层或者水 And with almost no atmosphere or water to
来改变其外貌，因此几十亿年来 alter their appearance, craters retain their
火山依然保持着其原始面貌 original form for billions of years.
现在，日本Kaguya号在这片陆地 Now, Japan's Kaguya orbiter is finding
找到了新的线索 new clues in tlhis ancient landscape, clues that
也许会改变我们对地球生命 could change everything we know about the origins
是所有看法 of life on Earth.
现在有了研究火山细节的条件 It's now possible to study the
当天体之光照耀月球 number of craters in detail, providing us with
就能为我们提供信息 information on when small celestial bodies lit the
大量的信息 moon, as well as their mass and quantity.
Kaguya帮助我们大量的改善了这些信息 Kaguya has helped us significantly boost such information.
科学家通过对比火山周围 Scientists determine the age of a
的降幅情况来 crater by analyzing its state of degradation
测定火山的年代 compared with others around it.
然后测量其深度和宽度 They then measure its width and depth.
绘制火山的大小和年龄显示出了一个有趣的形状 Charting the size and age of the craters reveals an
在38到40亿年前 interesting pattern, a spike in moon impacts
撞击在月球上产生了一个尖状物 around 3.8 to 4 billion years ago.
但是是什么导致了如此突兀的山峰？ But what caused this sudden peak?
科学家曾认为从其他星系来的彗星撞击 Scientists once believed that comets crashing in
使月球有了这么多的火山口 from the outer solar system made most of the moon's craters.
但是这无法解释几十亿年前 But that wouldn't explain the spike in activity
活动的尖状物 four billion years ago.
Yoslhida博士认为她找到了真正的肇事行星 Dr. Fumi Yoslhida thinks she found the real culprits--asteroids.
大多数小行星都聚集在 Most of these small planetary bodies orbit
火星和木星间的行星带 in a belt between Mars and Jupiter.
而且在月球形成时就已经存在了 And, they been there since the moon was formed,
Yoslhida博士用一座超级望远镜 Dr. Yoslhida uses a highly advanced telescope to
测量过数千颗小行星 measure more than a thousand of these asteroids.
然后，她与38亿到40亿年前的 Then, she compares them against the lunar craters
月球火山进行对照 formed 3.8 to 4 billion years ago.
令她惊讶的是，尺寸完美吻合 To her astonishment, the sizes match almost perfectly.
火山的分布 The size distribution of craters
就像指纹 is like a fingerprint.
而且也同样是小行星的分布状态 And so is the size distribution of asteroids.
自从指纹被找到后，我们相信 Since the fingerprints matched, we can believe
大量小行星在38亿到40亿年前 that numerous asteroids collided with the moon
撞击过月球 some 3.8 billion to 4 billion years ago.
但是为什么突然有了活性的尖状物呢？ But why the sudden spike in activity?
40亿年前，木星的轨道削微变动 Four billion years ago, Jupiter's orbit shifts slightly.
这使得数千颗小行星 This unleashes thousands of asteroids from the belt
直飞月球和地球 and sends them hurtling toward the moon...
因而造成了不同的后果 and the earth, but with much different results.
Kakegawa博士模拟实验了 Dr. Takeslhi Kakegawa sets up an experiment to simulate
当小行星冲撞时会发生什么事 what might have happened when asteroids hit tlhis planet.
小行星多半都是铁构成的 Asteroids are largely composed of iron, so
所以Kakegawa的团队用炭、水、氮 Kakegawa's team mixes that element with carbon, water
与这些元素混合，这差不多就是 and nitrogen, very common substances on Earth
地球40亿年前的物质 4 billion years ago.
他们把这些东西用容器封闭起来 They sealed together in a container.
然后，Kakegawa模拟小行星撞地球 Next, Kakegawa simulates the massive impact of an
火焰每小时烧了 asteroid strike on Earth, by firing
2000英里 the container at almost 2000 miles an hour.
爆炸释放出了 The projectile unleashes a massive burst
巨大的化学能量 of energy on the chemicals inside.
Kakegawa分析其化学成分后 Dr. Kakegawa analyzes the chemicals and
有了奇妙的发现 makes an amazing discovery.
除了原始的铁和氮之外 In addition to the original iron and nitrogen,
还有一种新的神秘物质 a mysterious new substance forms.
团队发现这正是氨基酸 The team discovers that tlhis material is an amino acid,
所有生命的基础元素 one of the building blocks of life.
这个令人震惊的发现将最终解释 This astounding revelation may finally explain one of
宗教和科学最伟大的问题 the greatest mysteries facing science,
生命的起源 the origins of life on tlhis planet.
地球拥有所有构建生命 The earth had all the necessary
所必须的物质 materials for the creation of life,
比如炭和氮 such as carbon and nitrogen.
但他们是如何组合起来的呢？ But how were they combined?
这是一个迷惑我们的问题 That was a question that puzzled us.
但是现在我们开始相信 But now we've come to believe that fragments
小行星撞击后的碎片和尘埃 from asteroids bursting on impact provided the
为物质混合提供了必要的能量 massive energy necessary to merge the substances.
Kakegawa博士提出了一个 Dr. Kakegawa comes up with a scenario
地球生命演化的模式 for the evolution of life on Earth.
40亿年前，富含炭和氮元素 4 billion years ago, oceans rich in carbon
的海洋，覆盖了大部分陆地 and nitrogen cover most of the planet.
当小行星撞击后，撞击的能量 When the asteroid storm strikes, the impact energy
使铁熔化然后与炭和氮 melts the iron and sparks a strong chemical reaction
发生了剧烈的化学反应 with the carbon and nitrogen.
突然，生命的原料氨基酸产生 And suddenly, amino acids are born, the key ingredient
以此构建了所有的生命形式 for life on Earth, in all its evolving forms.
而古老的月亮没有海洋 The ancient moon has no such oceans, so while the
所以当小行星撞击月表 crashing asteroids dramatically shape the lunar landscape,
并没有产生生命的火花 they can never generate the spark of life.
这片贫瘠的土地看起来 Indeed, this barren place hardly seems hospitable to
还挺适合人类居住的，但是有缘无份 human living conditions, but that all changing.
40年后，人类将再次踏上月球 After forty years, man is going back to the moon,
此刻永恒 this time, to stay.
40年前阿波罗号宇航员 Forty years ago the Apollo astronauts
第一次把人类的脚印踩在了这片孤寂灰色的世界里 first set foot on tlhis Lonely grey world.
电台：我在月球呆了一天 Radio: I was strolling on the moon one day, in the
五月里最快乐的一天 merry, merry month of May.
现在，NASA准备重游故地 Now, NASA is preparing to go back,
此刻永恒 this time, to stay.
预计在2020年发射 The launch is slated for the year 2020,
工程师和科学家试图 and engineers and scientists are lard at work trying to
将使这一切成为现实 turn this vision of exploration into reality.
但是我们怎么去呢？ But how will we get there?
我们住哪儿？ Where will we live?
怎么行动？ How will we get around?
如何永久居住？ What will it take to stay there permanently?
不如虎穴 It's a dangerous mission but the rewards promise
焉得虎子 to outweigh the risks.
重回月球 There a couple of reasons
有几大理由 to go back to the moon.
一是研究怎么在另外一个世界 One is to learn how to live and work again on the
生活和工作，并且 surface of another world and to be able to do it
比在阿波罗上呆的时间更长 for longer than just the couple of days that we did in Apollo.
而且也可以利用月球测试我们的设备 And that is using the moon as a place to test out our
和技术 equipment, our techniques, all our systems before
这在进行深层次月球探险时用得着 we try to explore deeper in the solar system.
我们有责任在选定区域 The area that we're basically responsible
为返回月球的宇航员 for are the habitats or the living spaces
准备生活场所 for the crews on a return to the moon.
你必须使所有事情 You do have to take everything that you
都和在地球上一样 take for granted here on Earth.
必须有大气循环系统 You have to take your breathable atmosphere,
和水循环系统 your water system.
必须有动力系统 You have to bring your power system, unlike in
在零重力环境下每个人都变轻了 a zero gravity environment where everyone is weightless,
在月球上我们有相应的平台区域 on the moon we'll actually have a resulting floor area
可以承担此任务 that is going to come into play.
但是在这片荒凉的土地上 But choosing the right outpost design
选择设计正确的前哨站是一大挑战 in this wasteland is a big challenge, any structure
任何构造都必须首先保护其居民 that goes up needs to protect its inhabitants
不受辐射和极端温差的伤害 from radiation and extreme temperatures, and must be
而且要能够经受住雨点般的 strong enough to withstand the pelting of
轰击月球的 micrometeoroids that constantly rain down
高速粒子 on the moon's surface.
那么在哪里建立这样的基地也同样是个问题 And the question of where to set up this habitat still remains.
目前的一个候选位置是 One of the candidate sites at present
Shackleton火山 is shackleton crater.
在月球的南极 On the south pole of the moon, you get a great deal
你会得到充足的阳光 of sunlight a majority of the time.
所以太阳能是最好的解决之道 So solar power is a very feasible solution to that.
所以选址是首要问题 So the location makes a big difference.
但是无论他们去哪里 But wherever they go, they have to
他们都必须找到在充满有害尘埃的月球上 find a way to work around the harmful lunar dust
安全工作的方法 which became evident during the Apollo missions.
月球上尘埃的学名叫做埃利斯 The scientific name for this dust and
但是你可以把它想成 soil on the moon is eolith, but you can
非常细微的碎石和碎玻璃 think of it as very, very finely divided rock and
就像是滑石粉 glass particles so tiny it's kind of like talcum
但是比滑石粉坚硬且锋利 powder, but really hard and sharp, formed by hundreds
由数亿年的高速粒子 of millions of years of impacts
撞击而成 from tiny pinhead-sized micrometeorites.
吸入这样的尘埃会令宇航员感到不适 Breathing it in can make astronauts sick
而且是否有长期影响也还不清楚 and the long term effects are unknown.
好吧，你如果从外面回来 Well, as soon as you take your helmet off
脱下头盔 after you've been outside,
在月球舱内 in the lunar module you will, there be dust
会有大量尘埃涌入空气循环系统 moving around the cabin, air circulating,
那你的每次呼吸都会中招的 and so you breathe it there.
那闻起来像火药 It smells like gunpowder, spent gunpowder, I had a
我曾在某涡轮处闻到过 little bit of a reaction to it in what called the turbinate.
它们涨了起来 They were swollen.
就像花粉一样 It was like pollen and that kind of thing.
在月球上呆过的岁月已远去 But that went away over the period we were on the moon
直到我不再想起 until I hardly noticed it.
NASA的科学家将优先考虑 NASA scientists have made it a priority to
使尘埃远离住处和工作区 keep the lunar dust out of the habitat and work areas.
几乎所有的铁都可以被 Almost all of it has enough iron in it
磁铁吸引 that it can be attracted to a magnet, and people
人们主张用磁铁逐一排列船舱的门和部件 have advocated literally lining the doors and parts
以此清理空气中的尘埃 of the cabin with magnets to clear dust out of the air.
我们还懂得如何利用过滤器 We also know how to use filters, and then we may
为建筑物穿上太空服 well end up building spacesuits that don't come
让尘埃也不至进入生存空间 into our living space.
时至今日，太空服 This time around, the suits will be
也更容易穿好，更灵活， easier to get into, more flexible and better to
可以工作更长时间 work in for long periods of time.
与阿波罗号宇航服截然相反 Everything is integrated as opposed to
你不必把所有的部位 the Apollo suit where you had to add all your
都包囊进去 elements on to the suit.
较早时的出舱活动你必须把所有这些都穿上 Prior to going to Eva A you would have this all basically together.
戴好手套、头盔 Gloves would be on, you'd have your helmet,
加强版护目镜 extra-vehicular visor.
生命供应系统附着在背部 Your life support system would be part of the rear latch,
基本上所有要做的就是 and essentially all you'd have to do would be
打开碰锁，穿上衣服 to open up the latch and don the suit.
在弱引力环境中 In the reduced gravity environment the astronaut
宇航员基本上是抓住躯干 would basically grab the torso, raise himself up
举起他自己然后再回到自己身体里 and lower himself into the torso.
科学家们也提出设计独特的方法 Scientists are also coming up with ingenious ways
可以直接在月球获取维持生命的资源 of harvesting vital resources from the moon itself
这样宇航员就可以直接依靠陆地生存 so that astronauts can live off the land.
大约45%—50%的月球物质 About 45 to 50% of the mass of the moon
实际上都是同一种形式的氧 is actually oxygen in one form or another
或者附着在硅和金属之上 attached to silicon or metals.
所以数量充足 So there an abundant amount.
方法就是分析不同的矿物 The trick is looking at the different minerals and
然后提炼出氧 coming up with a way of pulling that oxygen out.
所以我们设计了一个可以每天 And so we have designed a plant that will operate
生产1000至2000千克氧气的工厂 and make about 1,000 to 2,000 kilograms of oxygen per day.
这看起来是比较合适的尺寸来操纵设备 This seems to be about the right size to handle a crew
而不需要从地球带来任何 of four such that we don't have to bring any
氧气或者水 oxygen or water from the earth once they stay there
就能呆上很长一段时间，至少30天 for periods of time greater than, say, 30 days.
基本上你拥有了大量埃利斯，或者说月球物质 Basically you take the bulk eolith, or lunar material,
加热到摄氏900度以上，就能产生氢气 you heat it up to about 900 degrees centigrade in the presence of hydrogen.
氢气与铁的氧化物反应产生水蒸汽 The hydrogen reacts with any iron oxide and it produces a water vapour.
我们还可以电解水 We would then electrolyze or break that water up into
来得到氧气和氢气 oxygen and hydrogen.
氧气可以保持，氢气可以循环 The oxygen we would keep and the hydrogen would be recycled back
再利用生产埃利斯 to process more eolith.
未来的任务将会看到 Future missions will see astronauts
宇航员探索更远的月表 exploring the moon's surface farther than ever before.
设计新一带的月球车 Designs for a new generation of lunar
是当务之急 vehicles are already underway.
我们在考虑大量不同装置的 We're looking at a number of
不同功能 different scales of machines with different
装置能超过 capabilities, machines that can reach up onto a
土壤6米以上 lender maybe as high as six meters off the soil,
装载，抬起到表面 pick payloads up, lift them down to the surface
然后运送到 and then deploy them maybe as far as a kilometre
一到两千米远处的基地 or two from the lander.
这可都是大家伙 Those are big machines.
我们也在审查一些 We're also looking at some medium scale machines that
可以移动宇航员 can move astronauts either with them having to wear
或者我们称之为无压力漫步者的 their spacesuits in something we call an unpressurized rover or
装置可以爬进船舱，在那里可以 being able to climb inside a cabin where they can
穿普通衣物 just put on, you know, normal clothes and drive
并且在弱压力环境下驾驶漫步者 across the surface in a small pressurized rover.
这些机器必须能维持一批一批的船员 Those machines must last crew after crew after crew.
阿波罗漫步者只用了三天就设计好了 The Apollo rovers were only designed for three days,
所以这对我们来说是个新挑战 so that a new challenge for us.
通过阿波罗号飞船我们了解了人类演化的奇迹 We've bent that curve of human evolution
现在我们确信 with Apollo, so that now we are really
太阳系中不仅仅地球上有生命 creatures of the solar system not just of the earth.
月球上的生命已经不再是 Life on the moon is no longer the
科幻小说的YY，这要感谢日本Kaguya号 stuff of science fiction, and thanks to the Japanese
我们最亲近的邻居 Kaguya orbiter, our closest neighbour
不再是个陌生人 is no longer a stranger.
为什么这件事这么重要？ Why is it important?
我相信多了解你所在的世界 I believe that learning more about your world is
总是重要的，而在本世纪的历史上 always important, and in this century, this time in
我们的世界也不仅仅只是地球 human history, our world is not just the earth.
我们的世界第一次扩展到了 Our world is now expanding for the first time ever
太阳系，并且进入整个宇宙 across the solar system and out into the universe,
而月球就是我们的第一步 and the moon is the first step.
仅供交流淆习用，商业奔钱控退散 李清庭第二部翻译作品 敬献